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@article{alhaj2025,

title = {Eyes on Cognition: Exploring Oculomotor Correlates of Cognitive Function in Patients with Epilepsy},

author = {Sarah Al-Haj Mustafa and Anna Jansen and Melissa Steininger and Johannes Müllers and Rainer Surges and Randi von Wrede and Björn Krüger and Christoph Helmstaedter},

doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110562},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-06-30},

urldate = {2025-06-30},

journal = {Epilepsy & Behavior},

volume = {173},

number = {110562},

issue = {December 2025},

abstract = {Objective

This study investigates the relationship between eye tracking parameters and cognitive performance during the Trail Making Test (TMT) in individuals with epilepsy and healthy controls. By analyzing ocular behaviors such as saccade velocity, fixation duration, and pupil diameter, we aim to determine how these metrics reflect executive functioning and attentional control.

Methods

A sample of 95 participants with epilepsy and 34 healthy controls completed the TMT while their eye movements were recorded. Partial correlations, controlling for age, sex, education, medication count, seizure status and epilepsy duration, examined associations between eye tracking measures and cognitive performance derived from EpiTrack and TMT performance.

Results

In the patient group, faster TMT-A performance was associated with shorter fix- ation durations (r = 0.31, p = 0.006). Lower minimum saccade velocity correlated with slower performance on both TMT-A (r = −0.35, p = 0.002) and TMT-B (r = −0.40, p<0.001), whereas higher peak saccade velocities were linked to worse performance (TMT-A: r = 0.45, p<0.001; TMT-B: r = 0.41, p<0.001). Pupil diameter findings indicated that slower TMT performance was associated with smaller minimum pupil sizes (r = −0.23 to r = −0.36), wich may indicate increased cognitive effort and attentional load. Higher EpiTrack scores also correlated with a smaller minimum pupil diameter − but only during the more demanding TMT-B − and with a more restricted saccade velocity range, reflecting greater motor control and attentional stability. No significant correlations emerged within the control group.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the potential of eye tracking as a non-invasive tool for assessing cognitive function in epilepsy. Efficient cognitive performance was characterized by stable and controlled eye movements, whereas impaired performance involved erratic saccade dynamics and prolonged fixations. Importantly, eye tracking parameters provide additional information beyond simple speed measurements, potentially enhancing the differential diagnostic capabilities of the TMT in epilepsy. The observed associations between oculomotor parameters and cognitive performance were not present in the control group, suggesting that these relationships may be specific to epilepsy. Future research should investigate whether both basic and advanced metrics of search strategies are sensitive to disease dynamics and treatment effects in epilepsy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}